Shortspined Sea Urchin References

Shortspined Sea Urchins

%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-ad140a0f131479f878a0efc0bdde6569%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22NQHIT3E6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Huggett%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-10-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHuggett%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Williamson%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20de%20Nys%2C%20R.%2C%20Kjelleberg%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Steinberg%2C%20P.%20D.%20%282006%29.%20Larval%20settlement%20of%20the%20common%20Australian%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20in%20response%20to%20bacteria%20from%20the%20surface%20of%20coralline%20algae.%20%3Ci%3EOecologia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E149%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20604%26%23x2013%3B619.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00442-006-0470-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00442-006-0470-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Larval%20settlement%20of%20the%20common%20Australian%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20in%20response%20to%20bacteria%20from%20the%20surface%20of%20coralline%20algae%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Megan%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huggett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jane%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williamson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rocky%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Nys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Staffan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kjelleberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steinberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bacterial%20biofilms%20are%20increasingly%20seen%20as%20important%20for%20the%20successful%20settlement%20of%20marine%20invertebrate%20larvae.%20Here%20we%20tested%20the%20effects%20of%20biofilms%20on%20settlement%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma.%20Larvae%20settled%20on%20many%20surfaces%20including%20various%20algal%20species%2C%20rocks%2C%20sand%20and%20shells.%20Settlement%20was%20reduced%20by%20autoclaving%20rocks%20and%20algae%2C%20and%20by%20treatment%20of%20algae%20with%20antibiotics.%20These%20results%2C%20and%20molecular%20and%20culture-based%20analyses%2C%20suggested%20that%20the%20bacterial%20community%20on%20plants%20was%20important%20for%20settlement.%20To%20test%20this%2C%20approximately%20250%20strains%20of%20bacteria%20were%20isolated%20from%20coralline%20algae%2C%20and%20larvae%20were%20exposed%20to%20single-strain%20biofilms.%20Many%20induced%20rates%20of%20settlement%20comparable%20to%20coralline%20algae.%20The%20genus%20Pseudoalteromonas%20dominated%20these%20highly%20inductive%20strains%2C%20with%20representatives%20from%20Vibrio%2C%20Shewanella%2C%20Photobacterium%20and%20Pseudomonas%20also%20responsible%20for%20a%20high%20settlement%20response.%20The%20settlement%20response%20to%20different%20bacteria%20was%20species%20specific%2C%20as%20low%20inducers%20were%20also%20dominated%20by%20species%20in%20the%20genera%20Pseudoalteromonas%20and%20Vibrio.%20We%20also%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20assessed%20settlement%20of%20larvae%20in%20response%20to%20characterised%2C%20monospecific%20biofilms%20in%20the%20field.%20Larvae%20metamorphosed%20in%20higher%20numbers%20on%20an%20inducing%20biofilm%2C%20Pseudoalteromonas%20luteoviolacea%2C%20than%20on%20either%20a%20low-inducing%20biofilm%2C%20Pseudoalteromonas%20rubra%2C%20or%20an%20unfilmed%20control.%20We%20conclude%20that%20the%20bacterial%20community%20on%20the%20surface%20of%20coralline%20algae%20is%20important%20as%20a%20settlement%20cue%20for%20H.%20erythrogramma%20larvae.%20This%20study%20is%20also%20an%20example%20of%20the%20emerging%20integration%20of%20molecular%20microbiology%20and%20more%20traditional%20marine%20eukaryote%20ecology.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-10-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00442-006-0470-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221432-1939%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00442-006-0470-8%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A49%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZBSB4FJF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Keesing%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKeesing%2C%20J.%20K.%20%282013%29.%20Chapter%2025%20-%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma.%20In%20J.%20M.%20Lawrence%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EDevelopments%20in%20Aquaculture%20and%20Fisheries%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%2038%2C%20pp.%20369%26%23x2013%3B379%29.%20Elsevier.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-396491-5.00025-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-396491-5.00025-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chapter%2025%20-%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keesing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lawrence%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20is%20a%20sea%20urchin%20species%20endemic%20to%20Australia%2C%20where%20it%20inhabits%20temperate%20and%20subtropical%20rocky%20reefs%20on%20the%20west%2C%20south%20and%20east%20coasts.%20Two%20subspecies%2C%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20erythrogramma%20and%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20armigera%2C%20are%20recognized%20from%20the%20western%20area%20of%20its%20distribution.%20This%20review%20covers%20all%20known%20aspects%20of%20the%20biology%20and%20ecology%20of%20H.%20erythrogramma%2C%20including%20distribution%20and%20habitat%2C%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20influences%20on%20phenotypic%20expression%20in%20different%20populations%2C%20reproductive%20biology%2C%20larval%20development%20and%20settlement%2C%20growth%2C%20mortality%2C%20movement%20and%20feeding.%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20has%20a%20lecithotrophic%20mode%20of%20larval%20development.%20This%20has%20made%20it%20a%20useful%20subject%20for%20experimental%20studies%20of%20the%20factors%20that%20influence%20settlement%20and%20metamorphosis%2C%20including%20some%20that%20suggest%20the%20species%20may%20be%20resilient%20to%20near%20future%20changes%20to%20ocean%20temperature%20and%20pH.%20Research%20over%20the%20last%20decade%20has%20made%20large%20advances%20in%20understanding%20the%20ecological%20role%20of%20H.%20erythrogramma%20as%20an%20herbivore%20with%20a%20significant%20role%20in%20structuring%20marine%20plant%20communities%20and%20the%20way%20this%20role%20can%20be%20affected%20by%20fishing%20of%20predators%20of%20sea%20urchins.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Developments%20in%20Aquaculture%20and%20Fisheries%20Science%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013-01-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FB978-0-12-396491-5.00025-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A49%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FT8FMA42%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ling%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-11-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELing%2C%20S.%20D.%2C%20Ibbott%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sanderson%2C%20J.%20C.%20%282010%29.%20Recovery%20of%20canopy-forming%20macroalgae%20following%20removal%20of%20the%20enigmatic%20grazing%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Marine%20Biology%20and%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E395%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20135%26%23x2013%3B146.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2010.08.027%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2010.08.027%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Recovery%20of%20canopy-forming%20macroalgae%20following%20removal%20of%20the%20enigmatic%20grazing%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ibbott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanderson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20%28Valenciennes%2C%201846%29%20is%20considered%20an%20ecologically%20important%20member%20of%20shallow%20sub-tidal%20reef%20assemblages%20across%20temperate%20Australia.%20However%2C%20defining%20its%20ecological%20role%20has%20remained%20elusive%20due%20to%20a%20paucity%20of%20evidence%20demonstrating%20the%20ability%20of%20this%20species%20to%20graze%20and%20maintain%20sea%20urchin%20barrens.%20Here%20we%20present%20critical%20evidence%20for%20a%20grazing%20effect%20of%20H.%20erythrogramma%20at%20typically%20observable%20densities%20%28~4%5Cu20136individualsm%5Cu22122%29%20by%20demonstrating%20recovery%20of%20canopy-forming%20brown%20algae%20following%20two%20controlled%20removals%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20from%20ostensibly%20barrens%20reef%20at%20sheltered%20locations%20in%20eastern%20Tasmania.%20In%20experimental%20plots%20where%20H.%20erythrogramma%20was%20removed%2C%20canopy-forming%20algae%20gradually%20recovered%20to%20demonstrate%20an%20average%205%20times%20%28ranging%20nil%20to%2010%20times%29%20increase%20in%20percentage%20cover%20at%2024months%20post%20manipulation%20%28chiefly%20driven%20by%20the%20habitat-formers%20Cystophora%20spp.%2C%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera%2C%20Acrocarpia%20paniculata%2C%20and%20Sargassum%20spp.%29.%20While%20divergence%20in%20the%20overall%20algal%20community%20was%20indicated%20by%20both%20experiments%2C%20a%20statistically%20significant%20shift%2C%20based%20on%20percentage%20cover%20community%20data%2C%20was%20observed%20for%20only%20one%20location%20at%2024months%20post%20sea%20urchin%20removal%2C%20suggesting%20that%20a%20complete%20canopy-driven%20shift%20in%20community%20structure%20will%20be%20gradual%20and%20will%20be%20contingent%20on%20urchin%20density%20remaining%20below%20approximately%201.5m%5Cu22122%20in%20the%20longer%20term.%20The%20relatively%20slow%20and%20highly%20variable%20rates%20of%20algal%20recovery%20across%20plots%20suggests%20that%20seasonal%20coexistence%20of%20annual%20%28chiefly%20filamentous%20algae%29%20and%20some%20perennial%20macroalgae%20on%20H.%20erythrogramma%20barrens%20is%20likely%20due%20to%20a%20relatively%20low%20and%20variable%20intensity%20of%20selective%20grazing.%20We%20conclude%20that%20H.%20erythrogramma%2C%20at%20sufficient%20densities%2C%20is%20capable%20of%20grazing%20and%20maintaining%20a%20sea%20urchin%20barrens%20state%20however%20this%20phenomenon%20is%20observed%20to%20manifest%20in%20sheltered%20waters%20only.%20In%20contrast%2C%20H.%20erythrogramma%20occurring%20on%20exposed%20Tasmanian%20reefs%20achieves%20similar%20densities%20but%20here%20barrens%20are%20not%20observed%20and%20the%20sea%20urchin%20occurs%20cryptically%20within%20crevices%20and%2C%20consistent%20with%20experiments%20elsewhere%20in%20Australia%2C%20the%20sea%20urchin%20under%20these%20conditions%20appears%20to%20feed%20exclusively%20on%20an%20abundance%20of%20detached%20%5Cu2018drift%5Cu2019%20macroalgae.%20Top%5Cu2013down%20and%20bottom%5Cu2013up%20factors%20leading%20to%20increased%20abundance%20of%20H.%20erythrogramma%20will%20be%20important%20in%20determining%20the%20potential%20influence%20of%20this%20enigmatic%20grazer%20on%20rocky%20reef%20communities%2C%20however%20critical%20tests%20of%20mechanisms%20controlling%20the%20switch%20between%20foraging%20modes%20are%20needed.%20Taken%20together%2C%20correlative%20patterns%20and%20results%20of%20experimental%20removals%20across%20the%20range%20of%20H.%20erythrogramma%20demonstrate%20that%20models%20of%20temperate%20Australian%20reef%20dynamics%20must%20account%20for%20the%20highly%20context-dependent%20effects%20of%20sea%20urchin%20foraging.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-11-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2010.08.027%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0981%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2010.08.027%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A49%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EM38NWRW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pederson%20and%20Johnson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-08-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPederson%2C%20H.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Johnson%2C%20C.%20R.%20%282006%29.%20Predation%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20by%20rock%20lobsters%20%28Jasus%20edwardsii%29%20in%20no-take%20marine%20reserves.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Marine%20Biology%20and%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E336%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20120%26%23x2013%3B134.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2006.04.010%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2006.04.010%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Predation%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20by%20rock%20lobsters%20%28Jasus%20edwardsii%29%20in%20no-take%20marine%20reserves%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hugh%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pederson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20formation%20of%20sea%20urchin%20%5Cu2018barrens%5Cu2019%20on%20shallow%20temperate%20rocky%20reefs%20is%20well%20documented.%20However%20there%20has%20been%20much%20conjecture%20about%20the%20underlying%20mechanisms%20leading%20to%20sea%20urchin%20barrens%2C%20and%20relatively%20little%20experimentation%20to%20test%20these%20ideas%20critically.%20We%20conducted%20a%20series%20of%20manipulative%20experiments%20to%20determine%20whether%20predation%20mortality%20is%20an%20important%20mechanism%20structuring%20populations%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20in%20Tasmania.%20Tethered%20juvenile%20and%20adult%20sea%20urchins%20experienced%20much%20higher%20rates%20of%20mortality%20inside%20no-take%20marine%20reserves%20where%20sea%20urchin%20predators%20were%20abundant%20compared%20to%20adjacent%20fished%20areas%20where%20predators%20were%20fewer.%20Mortality%20of%20tagged%20%28but%20not%20tethered%29%20sea%20urchins%20was%20also%20notably%20higher%20in%20marine%20reserves%20than%20in%20adjacent%20areas%20open%20to%20fishing.%20When%20a%20range%20of%20sizes%20of%20sea%20urchins%20was%20exposed%20to%20three%20sizes%20of%20rock%20lobsters%20in%20a%20caging%20experiment%2C%20juvenile%20sea%20urchins%20were%20eaten%20more%20frequently%20than%20larger%20sea%20urchins%20by%20all%20sizes%20of%20rock%20lobster%2C%20but%20only%20the%20largest%20rock%20lobsters%20%28%3E120%5Cu00a0mm%20CL%29%20were%20able%20to%20consume%20large%20adult%20sea%20urchins.%20Tagging%20%28but%20not%20tethering%29%20juvenile%20and%20adult%20sea%20urchins%20in%20two%20separate%20marine%20reserves%20indicated%20that%20adult%20sea%20urchins%20experience%20higher%20predation%20mortality%20than%20juveniles%2C%20probably%20because%20juveniles%20can%20shelter%20in%20cryptic%20microhabitat%20more%20effectively.%20In%20a%20field%20experiment%20in%20which%20exposure%20of%20sea%20urchins%20to%20rock%20lobster%20%28Jasus%20edwardsii%29%20and%20demersal%20reef%20fish%20predators%20was%20manipulated%2C%20rock%20lobsters%20were%20shown%20to%20be%20more%20important%20than%20fish%20as%20predators%20of%20adult%20sea%20urchins%20in%20a%20marine%20reserve.%20We%20conclude%20that%20predators%2C%20and%20particularly%20rock%20lobsters%2C%20exert%20significant%20predation%20mortality%20on%20H.%20erythrogramma%20in%20Tasmanian%20marine%20reserves%2C%20and%20that%20adult%20sea%20urchins%20are%20more%20vulnerable%20than%20smaller%20cryptic%20individuals.%20Fishing%20of%20rock%20lobsters%20is%20likely%20to%20reduce%20an%20important%20component%20of%20mortality%20in%20H.%20erythrogramma%20populations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-08-22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2006.04.010%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0981%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2006.04.010%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A49%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SRFL5G5Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Valentine%20and%20Johnson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EValentine%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Johnson%2C%20C.%20R.%20%282005%29.%20%3Ci%3EPersistence%20of%20sea%20urchin%20%28Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%29%20barrens%20on%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Tasmania%3A%20inhibition%20of%20macroalgal%20recovery%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20high%20densities%20of%20sea%20urchins%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20106%26%23x2013%3B115.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2FBOT.2005.025%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2FBOT.2005.025%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Persistence%20of%20sea%20urchin%20%28Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%29%20barrens%20on%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Tasmania%3A%20inhibition%20of%20macroalgal%20recovery%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20high%20densities%20of%20sea%20urchins%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Valentine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sea%20urchin%20barrens%20occur%20commonly%20in%20temperate%20regions%20throughout%20the%20world%20and%20have%20significant%20implications%20for%20ecological%20processes%20on%20subtidal%20rocky%20reefs%20because%20they%20constitute%20areas%20of%20low%20productivity%20and%20diversity%20compared%20with%20habitats%20dominated%20by%20macroalgae.%20On%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Tasmania%2C%20the%20occurrence%20of%20sea%20urchin%20%28%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20%29%20barrens%20in%20sheltered%20bays%20has%20additional%20implications%20in%20that%20they%20represent%20an%20important%20habitat%20of%20the%20introduced%20kelp%20Undaria%20pinnatifida%20.%20Identifying%20the%20factors%20responsible%20for%20ongoing%20maintenance%20of%20the%20barren%20habitat%20is%20essential%20in%20defining%20management%20options%20to%20promote%20recovery%20of%20native%20canopy-forming%20species.%20We%20used%20transplant%20experiments%20to%20investigate%20whether%20inhibition%20of%20recovery%20of%20native%20canopy-forming%20algae%20can%20occur%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20intense%20sea%20urchin%20grazing.%20High%20densities%20of%20native%20canopy-forming%20species%20successfully%20colonised%20paving%20blocks%20deployed%20in%20a%20dense%20algal%20bed%20adjacent%20to%20a%20sea%20urchin%20barren.%20Transplanting%20these%20paving%20blocks%20to%20plots%20on%20the%20barren%20from%20which%20sea%20urchins%20were%20removed%20resulted%20in%20%26gt%3B80%25%20mortality%20of%20recruits%20after%20three%20months%2C%20and%20100%25%20mortality%20after%20seven%20months.%20The%20decline%20in%20macroalgal%20recruits%20on%20paving%20blocks%20transplanted%20to%20the%20urchin%20barren%20was%20associated%20with%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20cover%20and%20depth%20of%20sediment.%20A%20persistent%20cover%20of%20sediment%20also%20developed%20on%20paving%20blocks%20deployed%20on%20the%20urchin%20barren%2C%20where%20no%20native%20canopy-forming%20algal%20recruits%20were%20observed.%20While%20sea%20urchins%20are%20undoubtedly%20important%20in%20creating%20urchin%20barrens%2C%20our%20results%20suggest%20that%20other%20mechanisms%20can%20influence%20recovery%20of%20native%20canopy%20species.%20In%20sheltered%20and%20semi-exposed%20bays%20on%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Tasmania%2C%20sedimentation%20appears%20to%20play%20a%20critical%20role%20in%20inhibiting%20early%20developmental%20stages%20of%20native%20macroalgae%2C%20thereby%20contributing%20to%20a%20positive%20feedback%20that%20acts%20to%20maintain%20the%20barren%20habitat.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005-04-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1515%5C%2FBOT.2005.025%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221437-4323%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2FBOT.2005.025%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A50%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MJR2QMEE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Williams%20and%20Anderson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWilliams%2C%20D.%20H.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Anderson%2C%20D.%20T.%20%281975%29.%20The%20reproductive%20system%2C%20embryonic%20development%2C%20larval%20development%20and%20metamorphosis%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20%28Val.%29%20%28Echinoidea%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Echinometridae%29.%20%3Ci%3EAustralian%20Journal%20of%20Zoology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20371%26%23x2013%3B403.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1071%5C%2FZO9750371%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1071%5C%2FZO9750371%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20reproductive%20system%2C%20embryonic%20development%2C%20larval%20development%20and%20metamorphosis%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%20%28Val.%29%20%28Echinoidea%20%3A%20Echinometridae%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20H.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22H.%20erythrogramma%20has%20an%20annual%20reproductive%20cycle%2C%20spawning%20asynchronously.%20The%20female%20cycle%20has%20five%20phases%3A%20resting%2C%20regenerating%2C%20mature%2C%20spent%20and%20regressing%3B%20the%20male%20cycle%20omits%20the%20regression%20phase.%20Regression%20and%20resting%20occur%20only%20during%20April-August%3B%20regeneration%20begins%20in%20September%3B%20during%20December-March%20individual%20urchins%20pass%20through%20the%20mature%2C%20spent%20and%20regenerating%20phases%20two%20or%20three%20times.%20The%20egg%20averages%20400%20%5Cu00bcm%20diameter%20and%20floats%20at%20the%20water%20surface.%20At%2024-25%5Cu00baC%2C%20equal%2C%20total%2C%20radial%20cleavage%20yields%20a%20wrinkled%20coeloblastula%20by%206-7%20hours%3B%20this%20undergoes%20egression%2C%20becoming%20a%20spherical%20stereoblastula%20by%2013-14%20hours%3B%20during%20this%20process%20an%20acellular%20central%20yolk%20mass%20is%20segregated%20from%20a%20peripheral%20columnar%20blastoderm.%20The%20ciliated%20stereoblastula%20gastrulates%20by%20a%20typical%20diphasic%20invagination%2C%20beginning%20at%2015%20hours%2C%20and%20the%20gastrulating%20embryo%20hatches%20as%20a%20ciliated%2C%20planktonic%20yolk-larva%20at%2015-16%20hours.%20Lecithotrophic%20development%20of%20the%20yolk-larva%20to%20a%20uniformly%20ciliated%2C%20planktonic%20vitellaria%20is%20complete%20by%201.5%20days%2C%20and%20the%20larva%20metamorphoses%20gradually%20to%20a%20lecithotrophic%20juvenile%20over%20the%20next%203.5%20days.%20It%20remains%20planktonic%20during%20the%20first%20half%20of%20this%20period%20%28to%203.75%20days%29%2C%20but%20settles%20during%20the%20second%20half%20%28to%205%20days%29.%20The%20juvenile%20begins%20to%20feed%20%3E3%20weeks%20after%20settling.%20Vegetally%20proliferating%20mesenchyme%20invades%20the%20yolk%20mass%20during%20gastrulation.%20Invagination%20of%20the%20archenteron%20is%20followed%20by%20evagination%20of%20a%20primary%20pair%20of%20coelomic%20pouches%20from%20its%20wall%3B%20the%20left%20enterocoel%20forms%20the%20hydrocoel.%20Other%20coelomic%20cavities%20are%20re-formed%20by%20schizocoely.%20The%20larval%20gut%20rudiment%20temporarily%20loses%20connection%20with%20the%20exterior%20after%20the%20blastopore%20closes.%20The%20proctodaeum%20and%20stomodaeum%20of%20the%20juvenile%20form%20secondarily%20during%20and%20after%20metamorphosis.%20Ectodermal%20development%20of%20the%20echinus%20rudiment%2C%20though%20gradual%2C%20is%20typical%20of%20echinoids.%20The%20blastulation%20of%20H.%20evythrogramma%20is%20unique%20among%20large-egged%20echinoderms%20in%20combining%20egression%20of%20a%20wrinkled%20coeloblastula%20with%20segregation%20of%20a%20blastoderm%20around%20a%20central%20yolk%20mass.%20The%20development%20of%20the%20species%20supports%20the%20view%20that%20the%20vitellaria%20larva%20is%20secondarily%20evolved%20within%20the%20Echinoidea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1071%5C%2Fzo9750371%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221446-5698%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1071%5C%2FZO9750371%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A50%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RBDHB847%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9739689%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wolfe%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWolfe%2C%20K.%2C%20Dworjanyn%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Byrne%2C%20M.%20%282013%29.%20Effects%20of%20ocean%20warming%20and%20acidification%20on%20survival%2C%20growth%20and%20skeletal%20development%20in%20the%20early%20benthic%20juvenile%20sea%20urchin%20%28Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%29.%20%3Ci%3EGlobal%20Change%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%202698%26%23x2013%3B2707.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fgcb.12249%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fgcb.12249%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effects%20of%20ocean%20warming%20and%20acidification%20on%20survival%2C%20growth%20and%20skeletal%20development%20in%20the%20early%20benthic%20juvenile%20sea%20urchin%20%28Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolfe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Symon%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dworjanyn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Byrne%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Co-occurring%20ocean%20warming%2C%20acidification%20and%20reduced%20carbonate%20mineral%20saturation%20have%20significant%20impacts%20on%20marine%20biota%2C%20especially%20calcifying%20organisms.%20The%20effects%20of%20these%20stressors%20on%20development%20and%20calcification%20in%20newly%20metamorphosed%20juveniles%20%28ca.%200.5%20mm%20test%20diameter%29%20of%20the%20intertidal%20sea%20urchin%20Heliocidaris%20erythrogramma%2C%20an%20ecologically%20important%20species%20in%20temperate%20Australia%2C%20were%20investigated%20in%20context%20with%20present%20and%20projected%20future%20conditions.%20Habitat%20temperature%20and%20pH%5C%2FpCO2%20were%20documented%20to%20place%20experiments%20in%20a%20biologically%20and%20ecologically%20relevant%20context.%20These%20parameters%20fluctuated%20diurnally%20up%20to%2010%20%5Cu00b0C%20and%200.45%20pH%20units.%20The%20juveniles%20were%20exposed%20to%20three%20temperature%20%2821%2C%2023%20and%2025%20%5Cu00b0C%29%20and%20four%20pH%20%288.1%2C%207.8%2C%207.6%20and%207.4%29%20treatments%20in%20all%20combinations%2C%20representing%20ambient%20sea%20surface%20conditions%20%2821%20%5Cu00b0C%2C%20pH%208.1%3B%20pCO2%20397%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ca%204.7%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ar%203.1%29%2C%20near-future%20projected%20change%20%28%2B2%5Cu20134%20%5Cu00b0C%2C%20%5Cu22120.3%5Cu20130.5%20pH%20units%3B%20pCO2%20400%5Cu20131820%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ca%205.0%5Cu20131.6%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ar%203.3%5Cu20131.1%29%2C%20and%20extreme%20conditions%20experienced%20at%20low%20tide%20%28%2B4%20%5Cu00b0C%2C%20%5Cu22120.3%5Cu20130.7%20pH%20units%3B%20pCO2%202850%5Cu20132967%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ca%201.1%5Cu20131.0%3B%20%5Cu03a9Ar%200.7%5Cu20130.6%29.%20The%20lowest%20pH%20treatment%20%28pH%207.4%29%20was%20used%20to%20assess%20tolerance%20levels.%20Juvenile%20survival%20and%20test%20growth%20were%20resilient%20to%20current%20and%20near-future%20warming%20and%20acidification.%20Spine%20development%2C%20however%2C%20was%20negatively%20affected%20by%20near-future%20increased%20temperature%20%28%2B2%5Cu20134%20%5Cu00b0C%29%20and%20extreme%20acidification%20%28pH%207.4%29%2C%20with%20a%20complex%20interaction%20between%20stressors.%20Near-future%20warming%20was%20the%20more%20significant%20stressor.%20Spine%20tips%20were%20dissolved%20in%20the%20pH%207.4%20treatments.%20Adaptation%20to%20fluctuating%20temperature-pH%20conditions%20in%20the%20intertidal%20may%20convey%20resilience%20to%20juvenile%20H.%20erythrogramma%20to%20changing%20ocean%20conditions%2C%20however%2C%20ocean%20warming%20and%20acidification%20may%20shift%20baseline%20intertidal%20temperature%20and%20pH%5C%2FpCO2%20to%20levels%20that%20exceed%20tolerance%20limits.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fgcb.12249%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221365-2486%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fgcb.12249%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FDLHZQ3Q%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-21T00%3A50%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D

Huggett, M. J., Williamson, J. E., de Nys, R., Kjelleberg, S., & Steinberg, P. D. (2006). Larval settlement of the common Australian sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in response to bacteria from the surface of coralline algae. Oecologia, 149(4), 604–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0470-8

Keesing, J. K. (2013). Chapter 25 - Heliocidaris erythrogramma. In J. M. Lawrence (Ed.), Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (Vol. 38, pp. 369–379). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396491-5.00025-3

Ling, S. D., Ibbott, S., & Sanderson, J. C. (2010). Recovery of canopy-forming macroalgae following removal of the enigmatic grazing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 395(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.08.027

Pederson, H. G., & Johnson, C. R. (2006). Predation of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma by rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in no-take marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 336(1), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.04.010

Valentine, J. P., & Johnson, C. R. (2005). Persistence of sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) barrens on the east coast of Tasmania: inhibition of macroalgal recovery in the absence of high densities of sea urchins. 48(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2005.025

Williams, D. H. C., & Anderson, D. T. (1975). The reproductive system, embryonic development, larval development and metamorphosis of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Val.) (Echinoidea : Echinometridae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 23(3), 371–403. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9750371

Wolfe, K., Dworjanyn, S. A., & Byrne, M. (2013). Effects of ocean warming and acidification on survival, growth and skeletal development in the early benthic juvenile sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma). Global Change Biology, 19(9), 2698–2707. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12249